LearningEMS: A Unified Framework and Open-Source Benchmark for Learning-Based Energy Management of Electric Vehicles
Yong Wang
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)
Hongwen He
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; Corresponding author.)
Yuankai Wu
(College of Computer Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China)
Pei Wang
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)
Haoyu Wang
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)
Renzong Lian
(Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518000, China)
Jingda Wu
(The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, China)
Qin Li
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530000, China)
Xiangfei Meng
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)
Yingjuan Tang
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)
Fengchun Sun
(School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China)
Amir Khajepour
(Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L3G1, Canada)
An effective energy management strategy (EMS) is essential to optimize the energy efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs). With the advent of advanced machine learning techniques, the focus on developing sophisticated EMS for EVs is increasing. Here, we introduce LearningEMS: a unified framework and open-source benchmark designed to facilitate rapid development and assessment of EMS. LearningEMS is distinguished by its ability to support a variety of EV configurations, including hybrid EVs, fuel cell EVs, and plug-in EVs, offering a general platform for the development of EMS. The framework enables detailed comparisons of several EMS algorithms, encompassing imitation learning, deep reinforcement learning (RL), offline RL, model predictive control, and dynamic programming. We rigorously evaluated these algorithms across multiple perspectives: energy efficiency, consistency, adaptability, and practicability. Furthermore, we discuss state, reward, and action settings for RL in EV energy management, introduce a policy extraction and reconstruction method for learning-based EMS deployment, and conduct hardware-in-the-loop experiments. In summary, we offer a unified and comprehensive framework that comes with three distinct EV platforms, over 10 000 km of EMS policy data set, ten state-of-the-art algorithms, and over 160 benchmark tasks, along with three learning libraries. Its flexible design allows easy expansion for additional tasks and applications. The open-source algorithms, models, data sets, and deployment processes foster additional research and innovation in EV and broader engineering domains.
Yong Wang, Hongwen He, Yuankai Wu, et al. (2025). "LearningEMS: A Unified Framework and Open-Source Benchmark for Learning-Based Energy Management of Electric Vehicles". Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.10.021