Humanities & Social Sciences

This open access volume focuses on the environmental hazards and cultural significance of Potentially Polluting Wrecks (PPWs), and how mitigation efforts have assisted in documenting and preserving the history of these sites. It is an important resource on the subject of Potentially Polluting Wrecks that synthesizes previously published information that was not academically or scientifically produced. This includes numerous international studies of shipwreck databases and threats posed by world war wrecks containing oil and other hazardous materials that could spill. This book evaluates these materials and presents new analyses and investigations with modern technology that assist in locating, documenting, and remediating polluting wreck sites. Consequently, this volume calls for increased ocean exploration missions to locate sunken merchant vessels that may pose pollution hazards and site assessments to determine any potential risks. This book is of interest to government officials, educators, archaeologists and practitioners working in the field of underwater archaeology. This is an open access book.

The Routledge Handbook of Autocratization comprehensively and systematically explores the current understanding, and unchartered research paths, of autocratization. With wide-reaching regional coverage and expert analysis from Asia, North and South America, Europa, the Middle East, and North Africa, this handbook reveals cross-country, and cross-regional, analysis and insights and presents in-depth explanations and consequences of autocratization. Arranged in five thematic parts, chapters explore the basic aspects of conceptualization, theorization, and measurement of autocratization; the role of various political and non-political actors as perpetrators, supporters, bystanders, or defenders of democracy against autocratization processes; and the consequences across various policy fields. Showcasing cutting-edge research developments, the handbook illustrates the deeply complex nature of the field, examining important topics in need of renewed consideration at a time of growing concerns for democracy and the global spread of authoritarian challenges to democracy. The Routledge Handbook of Autocratization will be a key reference for those interested in, and studying authoritarianism, democratization, human rights, governance, democracy and more broadly comparative politics, and regional/area studies. Chapter 2 of this book is freely available as a downloadable Open Access PDF at http://www.taylorfrancis.com under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives (CC-BY-NC-ND) 4.0 license.

Wissenschaft meint seit jeher nicht nur theoretische Reflexion, sondern immer auch gesellschaftliche Praxis. Heute steht diese Praxis, die Welt der modernen Wissenschaften und ihrer institutionellen Formen mitten im Strom tiefgreifender Veränderungen – Exzellenzinitiativen und Clusterbildung, Studiengebührenfinanzierung und Bologna-Prozess, Wettbewerbsstrukturen, Globalhaushalte und externe Management-Maßstäbe sind hierfür nur einige illustrierende Schlagworte. Den Handlungsdrang der deutschen Hochschulpolitik im Blick gerät naturgemäß auch das Wissenschaftsrecht in Bewegung. Fragen seiner verfassungsrechtlichen Grundierung und seiner verwaltungsrechtlichen Feinzeichnung sind so umstritten wie lange nicht. Das Leitmotiv, ob das heutige Wissenschaftsrecht in erster Linie dem Schutz der individuellen Forschungsleistungen einzelner Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler dient oder ein Baukasten zur Modernisierung der Hochschulen ist, führt wiederkehrend zu den Grundfragen des modernen Öffentlichen Rechts. Diese Entwicklungen vor Augen beging das Institut für Öffentliches Recht an der Juristischen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen seine Neugründung mit einer Arbeitstagung zum Thema „Aktuelle Probleme des Wissenschaftsrechts“. Die Beiträge der Tagung enthält dieser Band. Er ist der erste einer neuen Schriftenreihe zum Öffentlichen Recht.

There are arguably moral, legal, and prudential constraints on behavior. But are there epistemic constraints on belief? Are there any requirements arising from intellectual considerations alone? This volume includes original essays written by top epistemologists that address this and closely related questions from a variety of new, sometimes unexpected, angles. It features a wide variety of positions, ranging from arguments for and against the existence of purely epistemic requirements, reductions of epistemic requirements to moral or prudential requirements, the biological foundations of epistemic requirements, extensions of the scope of epistemic requirements to include such things as open-mindedness, eradication of implicit bias and interpersonal duties to object, to new applications such as epistemic requirements pertaining to storytelling, testimony, and fundamentalist beliefs. Anyone interested in the nature of responsibility, belief, or epistemic normativity will find a range of useful arguments and fresh ideas in this cutting-edge anthology.

Terrorism trials are an exceptional opportunity for better understanding and, hence, countering terrorism, since they are often the only place where most if not all of the actors of a terrorist incident meet again, and where the media report and broadcast their respective accounts. Seeing terrorism trials as a stage where legal instruments are used (and abused) to argue the validity of contested political constructs, this study presents a performative perspective to draw attention to the mechanisms and effects of terrorism trials in and outside the courtroom. With a special focus on how the power of these performances may in turn shape new narratives of justice and/or injustice, it offers vital insights into terrorism trials directed involving different types of terrorism suspects, from left-wing to ethno-nationalist and jihadist terrorists, in Spain, Russia, Germany, the Netherlands, and the US.

Viele Menschen sterben heute im hohen Alter nach längerer chronischer Erkrankung. Aufgrund des medizinischen Fortschritts ist es möglich, menschliches Leben selbst unter sehr prekären Bedingungen zu erhalten; schwierige Entscheidungen über den weiteren Therapieverlauf sind unausweichlich. Angesichts der Endlichkeit der zur Verfügung stehenden Ressourcen werden mit Entscheidungen zur Therapieverlängerung zugleich heikle Fragen der Verteilungsgerechtigkeit aufgeworfen. Die Versorgung in der letzten Lebensphase ist besonders kostenintensiv. Wenn sehr teure Behandlungen zur Verfügung stehen, kommt es zu Konkurrenzsituationen, die eine Begrenzung („Rationierung“) notwendig macht. Welche Kriterien dürfen dabei aus medizinischer, rechtlicher, ökonomischer und ethischer Sicht herangezogen werden, welche sind möglicherweise problematisch? Was heißt es, angesichts von Knappheit eine gerechte und sorgende Gesellschaft zu sein (Leonard M. Fleck)?

Die interdisziplinäre Studie untersucht Lyrik, die in städtischen Räumen zu sehen oder zu hören ist. Aus literaturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive interessieren vor allem die Ästhetik, Sprachgestaltung und Ortsbezüglichkeit der präsentierten Lyrik, aus stadtsoziologischer Sicht die Einbindung der Projekte in stadtpolitische Konstellationen, Debatten über öffentliche Räume und ihr Beitrag zur Produktion des jeweiligen Raums. Das Spektrum der analysierten Lyrikprojekte ist vielfältig. Es reicht von Wandgedichten an Hausfassaden und Audiowalks in Stadtvierteln über Gedichte auf Lesezeichen, die vom Hubschrauber auf öffentliche Plätze abgeworfen werden, oder großformatige Projektionen an repräsentative Gebäude einer Stadt bis zu informellen, durch Dichter:innen oder Anwohner:innen initiierte Formen, etwa Gedichte auf kopierten Zetteln, die in Parks oder U-Bahnen aufgehängt werden und derart ihr „Recht auf Stadt" (Henri Lefebvre) beanspruchen. Lyrikprojekte in urbanen Räumen wurden bisher nicht untersucht. Die Studie schließt nicht nur dieses Desiderat der Lyrikforschung, sondern bietet durch den interdisziplinären Ansatz kreative Interpretationen von Gedichten in städtischen Kontexten, die für ein breites Lesepublikum interessant sind. ; Die interdisziplinäre Studie untersucht Lyrik, die in städtischen Räumen zu sehen oder zu hören ist. Aus literaturwissenschaftlicher Perspektive interessieren vor allem die Ästhetik, Sprachgestaltung und Ortsbezüglichkeit der präsentierten Lyrik, aus stadtsoziologischer Sicht die Einbindung der Projekte in stadtpolitische Konstellationen, Debatten über öffentliche Räume und ihr Beitrag zur Produktion des jeweiligen Raums. Das Spektrum der analysierten Lyrikprojekte ist vielfältig. Es reicht von Wandgedichten an Hausfassaden und Audiowalks in Stadtvierteln über Gedichte auf Lesezeichen, die vom Hubschrauber auf öffentliche Plätze abgeworfen werden, oder großformatige Projektionen an repräsentative Gebäude einer Stadt bis zu informellen, durch Dichter:innen oder Anwohner:innen initiierte Formen, etwa Gedichte auf kopierten Zetteln, die in Parks oder U-Bahnen aufgehängt werden und derart ihr „Recht auf Stadt" (Henri Lefebvre) beanspruchen. Lyrikprojekte in urbanen Räumen wurden bisher nicht untersucht. Die Studie schließt nicht nur dieses Desiderat der Lyrikforschung, sondern bietet durch den interdisziplinären Ansatz kreative Interpretationen von Gedichten in städtischen Kontexten, die für ein breites Lesepublikum interessant sind.

How is information protected by property rights? Information goods such as news, images, gene sequences or stored data can be classified as semantic, syntactic or structural information. Herbert Zech shows that information is allocated exclusively not only by intellectual property rights but also in other fields of law.

During the last decade of the 20th century, Africa has been marked by a "constitutional wind" which has blown across the continent giving impetus to constitutional reforms designed to introduce constitutionalism and good governance. One of the main features of these processes has been the promotion of public participation, encouraged by both civil society and the international community. This book aims to provide a systematic overview of participation forms and mechanisms across Africa, and a critical understanding of the impact of public participation in constitution-making processes, digging beneath the rhetoric of public participation as being at the heart of any successful transition towards democracy and constitutionalism. Using case studies from Central African Republic, Egypt, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Morocco, Senegal, Somalia, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia, Zambia and Zimbabwe, the book investigates various aspects of participatory constitution making: from conception, to processes, and specific contents that trigger ambivalent dynamics in such processes. The abstract glorification of public participation is questioned as theoretical and empirical perspectives are used to explain what public participation does in concrete terms and to identify what lessons might be drawn from those experiences. This is a valuable resource for academics, researchers and students with an interest in politics and constitution building in Africa, as well as experts working in national offices, international organizations or in national and international NGOs.

This open access volume addresses major challenges in research policy and provides advice on how to approach them. With chapters designed as accessible policy briefs, the book serves as an essential resource for new actors in research policy. It offers evidence-based recommendations on approaching research governance, funding, and evaluation challenges by covering these topics: Identifying and facilitating high quality research Evaluating transdisciplinary research quality Evaluating societal impact The dilemmas of grant peer review How citations relate to research quality Reforming research assessment The use of metrics in academic recruitment Quality criteria and concentration of research funding Balancing basic and external research funding Designing performance-based research funding systems Strategic steering of research at universities The consequences of paying to publish Each chapter combines research with practical advice and provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in research on the specific topic, as well as references for further reading.

This book is available as open access through the Bloomsbury Open Access programme and is available on www.bloomsburycollections.com. Over the past 15 years, Rainer Forst has developed a fundamental research programme within the tradition of Frankfurt School Critical Theory. The core of this programme is a moral account of the basic right of justification that humans owe to one another as rational beings. This account is put to work by Forst in articulating - both historically and philosophically - the contexts and form of justice and of toleration. The result is a powerful theoretical framework within which to address issues such as transnational justice and multicultural toleration. In this volume, Forst sets out his ideas in an extended essay, which is responded to be influential interlocutors including: Andrea Sangiovanni, Amy Allen, Kevin Olson, Anthony Laden, Eva Erman and Simon Caney. The volume concludes with Forst's response to his interlocutors.

Sharpening the Sword of State explores the various ways in which 10 jurisdictions in the Asia-Pacific enhance their administrative capabilities through training and executive development. It traces how modern governments across this region look to develop their public services and public sector organisations in the face of rapid global change. For many governments there is a delicate balance between the public interest in promoting change and capacity enhancement across the public service, and the temptation to micro-manage agencies and be complacent about challenging the status quo. There is a recognition in the countries studied that training and executive development is a crucial investment in human capital but is also couched in a much wider context of public service recruitment, patterns of entry and retention, promotion, executive appointment and career development. This empirical volume, authored by academics and practitioners, is one of the first to chart these comparative differences and provide fresh perspectives to enable learning from international experiences

Thinking Otherwise addresses the question of what makes a great historian by exploring the teaching and scholarship of Walter LaFeber, widely acclaimed as the most distinguished historian of US foreign relations. This volume of essays, edited by Susan A. Brewer, Richard H. Immerman, and Douglas Little, is a testament to a scholar who published more than a dozen books during his time at Cornell University, where he delivered legendary lectures for half a century. The chapters trace LaFeber's journey as a scholar and demonstrate his enduring influence on the history of US foreign relations by linking six of his monographs to his abiding concern about the fate of the American experiment from the 18th century to the present. Thinking Otherwise explains and assesses the scholarship of a historian whose work became canonical in his lifetime and continues to resonate throughout public policy debates.

This chapter provides a concise history of visual activism in South Africa and focuses on how contemporary artists and activists make use of visual forms to intervene in public space, to document injustice, and to express dissent. The chapter argues that visual activism is best understood as a call to those who look to move from seeing and knowing to acting. Through analyses of works by visual activists Zanele Muholi, Haroon Gunn-Salie, and the Tokolos Stencils Collective, and through engaging with a campaign created by the social justice movement Section27, the essay shows how such work draws attention to homophobia and sexual violence; impunity for crimes against humanity; and ongoing inequality in the aftermath of apartheid. The essay also considers what occurs when visual activist works are detached from collective mobilizing and circulate within the neo-liberal art economy, producing forms of atomized solidarity.

Ziel des hier vorgestellten Projekts war es, ein Testinstrument zur objektiven, reliablen und validen Messung des fachdidaktischen Wissens (FDW) und des Fachwissens (FW) von Physiklehrkräften der Sekundarstufe zu entwickeln. FALKO-Physik folgte bei der Testkonstruktion einem projektübergreifenden Rahmenmodell, das sich an die COACTIV-Studie anlehnt sowie die Wissenstaxonomie Shulmans berücksichtigt. Dabei wurde im Unterschied zu anderen Testkonstruktionen im Fach Physik besonders darauf Wert gelegt, mehrere zentrale physikalische Themengebiete sowohl im FW-Testteil als auch im FDW-Testteil zu implementieren. Während der Validierungsphase erfolgte eine Untersuchung von Physiklehrkräften sowie angehenden Physiklehrkräften (Studierenden) der Sekundarstufe I. Die Reliabilität des FW-Testteils war zufriedenstellend (,82), das FDW konnte dagegen nur eingeschränkt reliabel gemessen werden (,65). Weiterhin wurden Konstruktvalidierungsstudien mit Konstrastgruppen durchgeführt. Während beispielsweise Gymnasiallehrkräfte und Fachphysiker im FW aufgrund der ähnlichen fachlichen universitären Ausbildung erwartungsgemäß vergleichbar abschnitten, war der Vorteil der Lehrkräfte im FDW dagegen erheblich größer.