Science & Mathematics

24x36 mm, gélatine plan-film.

Succinate dehydrogenase subunit B and D (SDHB and SDHD) mutations represent the most frequent cause of hereditary pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma (PPGL). Although truncation of the succinate dehydrogenase complex is thought to be the disease causing mechanism in both disorders, SDHB and SDHD patients exihibit different phenotypes. These phenotypic differences are currently unexplained by molecular genetics. The aim of this study is to compare disease dynamics in these two conditions via a Markov chain model based on 4 clinically-defined steady states. Our model corroborates at the population level phenotypic observations in SDHB and SDHD carriers and suggests potential explanations associated with the probabilities of disease maintenance and regression. In SDHB-related syndrome, PPGL maintenance seems to be reduced compared to SDHD (p = 0.04 vs 0.95) due to higher probability of tumor cell regression in SDHB vs SDHD (p = 0.87 vs 0.00). However, when SDHB-tumors give rise to metastases, metastatic cells are able to thrive with decreased probability of regression compared with SDHD counterparts (p = 0.17 vs 0.89). By constrast, almost all SDHD patients develop PGL (mainly head and neck) that persist throughout their lifetime. However, compared to SDHB, maintenance of metastatic lesions seems to be less effective for SDHD (p = 0.83 vs 0.11). These findings align with data suggesting that SDHD-related PPGL require less genetic events for tumor initiation and maintenance compared to those related to SDHB, but fail to initiate biology that promotes metastatic spread and metastatic cell survival in host tissues. By contrast, the higher number of genetic abnormalities required for tumor initiation and maintenance in SDHB PPGL result in a lower penetrance of PGL, but when cells give rise to metastases they are assumed to be better adapted to sustain survival. These proposed differences in disease progression dynamics between SDHB and SDHD diseases provide new cues for future exploration of SDHx PPGL behavior, offering considerations for future specific therapeutic and prevention strategies.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the addition of lignin as a sacrificial agent in ZSM-5 zeolite synthesis. Peculiar growths of ZSM-5 crystals leading to various textural properties were observed. Hence, the behavior in acid-catalyzed conversion of methanol into hydrocarbons (MTH) shifted from high selectivity toward olefins (>55%) to the sole formation of dimethyl ether (DME). Lignin acted as a bio-sourced secondary template (BSST), impacting the zeolite crystals’ shape and, thus, their physicochemical properties.

Plasmonics is based on the intense and confined electromagnetic fields appearing near metallic nanostructures illuminated at frequencies near their surface plasmon resonances. Among the different metals, aluminum sustains a broad range of plasmonic resonances from deep UV to near IR. Due to high losses in the visible, aluminum plasmonic structures require an improvement to compete with noble metals. First, we present a strategy to increase the resonance quality based on diffractive coupling in periodic arrays. This approach, studied with simulations and experimental methods, provides a change of quality factor of resonance up to 7 times in comparison with an isolated particle. Then, we couple aluminum nanostructures with a wide band gap semiconductor to enhance its emission. Periodic arrays of Al nanoparticles were fabricated onto a ZnO epitaxial layer. Results show an enhancement of emission of 1.5 times in comparison with pristine ZnO. To increase the effect and get a more efficient surface coverage, we then used a fractal geometry inspired from radiowave technology. FDTD simulations were performed to design an effective geometry and the structures were fabricated with an adapted electron beam lithography process. Finally, we propose a concept of chiral fractals. Using the complex geometry of fractals, it is possible to push optical chirality of plasmonic structures toward the UV part of the spectrum. Samples were fabricated and the existence of circular dichroism in fractal structures was proven

As we will see in this chapter, there has been some improvement in the European Labour market in the last couple of years. However, unemployment remains high, especially long-term and youth unemployment. This raises the question of human capital depreciation, stigmatisation and unemployment hysteresis. At the same time both inequality and poverty are continuing have increased since the crisis started European economic policy barely takes into account the academic consensus that measurement of economic performance and social progress is necessary and has to go beyond GDP. To facilitate evidence-based well-being oriented economic policy, we need to reform the European Economic Governance and to establish some kind of sustainable development indicators (SDI) to measure progress beyond economic growth. The SDIs should take into account the protection of the natural capital and social justice to help define and improve policies. SDIs show reasons for optimism in some areas, while substantial progress needs to be done in other areas, including poverty. The chapter shows a very heterogeneous Europe in terms of unemployment, inequality and sustainability. Therefore, both EU as a whole and the dispersion between countries are analyzed in this chapter.

The reaction of Mo(CO)3(MeCN)3 and E2Ph2 (E=Se, Te) yields the edge-sharing bioctahedral, metalmetal bonded Mo(I) products [Mo(CO)3(MeCN)(μ-EPh)]2. The structure of the tellurolato derivative was confirmed by X-ray crystallography: triclinic, space group , a=7.3149(17), b=9.6959(16), c=9.7090(10) Å, α=80.366(10), β=76.563(13), γ=72.877(16)°, V=636.43(19) Å3, Dcalc=2.222 Mg m−3, μ=3.271 mm−1, R1=0.0418, wR2=0.0689 for 163 parameters and 2238 data with I>2σ(I). The interaction of these compounds with excess E2Ph2 as a possible entry to homoleptic Mo(EPh)3 has been investigated.

The molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie the many roles of macrophages in health and disease states in vivo remain poorly understood. The purpose of this Review is to present and discuss current knowledge on the developmental biology of macrophages, as it underlies the concept of a layered myeloid system composed of 'resident' macrophages that originate mainly from progenitor cells generated in the yolk sac and of 'passenger' or 'transitory' myeloid cells that originate and renew from bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells, and to provide a framework for investigating the functions of macrophages in vivo.

No abstract available

Tacite (Annales, XII, 51), en qualifiant une partie du cours de l’Araxe de placidus semble doter ce fleuve d’Arménie d’un rôle de dieu justicier : celui-ci sauve de la mort Zénobie, fille du roi d’Arménie et épouse abandonnée du perfide Radamiste, ennemi de Rome. Qui plus est, elle est recueillie et honorée par le Parthe Tiridate qui deviendra l’« allié » de Rome sous Néron. L’historien fait écho ailleurs (VI, 37, et XV, 7-8) au concept indo-européen de la « justice » du fleuve (en l’occurrence de l’Euphrate) pour dénoncer la transgression que commettent certains généraux romains ou rois protégés par Rome, en voulant lier davantage l’Arménie à Rome. Mais le fleuve ne châtie plus (immédiatement) le transgresseur.

Introduction : L'accident vasculaire cérébral est un fardeau mondial. Pour en réduire l'incidence, améliorer sa prise en charge et diminuer ses séquelles, les connaissances de la population ont une place primordiale. Plusieurs tests évaluant les connaissances sur l'AVC dans la population générale existent mais aucun n'est fiable et reproductible. Ce travail a donc consisté en la conception d'un questionnaire, puis une étape de sa validation. Matériels et méthode : Avec l'aide d'un groupe d'experts, nous avons défini les différents concepts sur l'accident vasculaire cérébral que nous souhaitions évaluer dans la population. Le questionnaire a été soumis à vingt personnes pour être évalué qualitativement. Cette étape constitue la validation de face. Résultats : Après une revue de la littérature et l'avis du groupe d'experts, les différents concepts retenus sont : les facteurs de risques, les symptômes, le degré d'urgence, la conduite à tenir, l'épidémiologie ainsi que les séquelles après un AVC. Le questionnaire initial comportait quinze questions, il a été modifié suite à l'avis du groupe d'experts et aux entretiens. Discussion : Nous observons une forte augmentation des moyens innovants mis en place par la société pour réduire le délai de prise en charge de l'AVC. Ces évolutions rapides contrastent avec une attitude parfois attentiste de la population générale sur les situations d'AVC. Il est impératif que la population soit sensibilisée à l'AVC. Il n'existe à ce jour pas encore de test fiable pour évaluer les connaissances de la population générale. Conclusion : Avant la mise en pratique du test dans une évaluation des connaissances à grande échelle, plusieurs étapes de validation sont encore nécessaires, elles feront l'objet d'un autre travail.

Using an Australian wood chip export terminal as a case study, this research presents a terminal gate simulation model that improves understanding of the complex interactions at the terminal gate and describes the potential of information and digital systems alternatives for mitigating congestion. The alternatives modelled include: a terminal appointment system to schedule truck arrivals; integrating weigh-bridge information to eliminate one stage of the unloading process; and, reducing conveyor operation time.Simulation results indicate that a terminal appointment system can reduce turnaround times by up to 23%, primarily through a reduction in waiting times. Integrating weigh-bridge information can improve turnaround by up to 18%, while reducing the conveyor operation time can improve turnaround by up to 5%. The paper highlights that achieving these simulated results in practice actually relies on a range of factors and assumptions hard to embed in the simulation. These factors influence the nature of the complex interactions at the terminal gate and include the extent to which stakeholders are willing to share information and develop or retain levels of trust between each other.The paper argues that one potentially effective strategy for aligning stakeholders’ interests involves engaging them all in the decision-making processes in finding and developing a suitable congestion management solution. This approach mitigates concerns regarding system abuse, ensures all technological and business requirements of stakeholders are considered and, enhances the implementation process to deliver increased effectiveness of the solution.This research is part of a major ongoing research project undertaken in Australia funded by the Australian Research Council through the Industrial Transformation Research Program.

Au travers de la séquence française ‘je t’aime’, ce sont deux aspects de la variation linguistique qui seront abordés : la variation intralangue, puisque ‘je t’aime’ peut se prendre en plusieurs sens, voire à contre-sens (‘Je t’aime… moi non plus’) ; mais aussi une variation interlangues qui s’appréhende dans les tentatives de traduction. L’objectif du présent article est de montrer que ces deux variations, de manière inattendue, exploitent des procédés linguistiques parallèles. Il se trouve que ‘je t’aime’, séquence baladeuse et, nous le verrons, amplement citée et commentée, se prête particulièrement bien à cette double investigation. Un bref relevé initial permettra d’attester l’existence en français d’une véritable formule qui se suffit à elle-même. ‘Je t’aime’, en sa qualité de formule, peut être envisagé comme unité de traduction de la même façon que des mots ou des phraséologismes. La deuxième partie de cet article est consacrée à un examen critique de deux tentatives de traduction. Tout d’abord en japonais où cette tentative se heurte à des pratiques culturelles notoirement peu propices à la transposition de notre déclaration d’amour occidentale ; puis en hongrois, sur les traces de l’analyse célèbre effectuée par Roland Barthes. Les différences d’interprétation mises à jour s’avèreront pertinentes pour l’étude non contrastive du français ‘je t’aime’. Compte tenu de la prolifération récente des textes consacrés à l’amour (cf. le tour d’horizon procuré par Ogien 2014), les analyses de la formule ‘je t’aime’ sont légion, plus ou moins détaillées, et offrent des éclairages multiples. Les points de vue illustrés ici seront sémiotique (Roland Barthes à nouveau), linguistique et pragmatique (la critique par Estelle Moline de la théorie de Barthes), philosophique (Jean-Luc Marion) et littéraire (Paul Valéry).