LateMatch: Breaking the Interaction Bottleneck via Cacheable Matching for Efficient Visual Localization

Overview & Synopsis

Visual localization is critical for embodied agents, but deploying state-of-the-art deep feature matchers on edge devices is fundamentally limited by their massive computational cost. Standard deep matchers tightly interleave intra-image context building and inter-image matching at every layer, creating a severe interaction bottleneck. Localizing a single query against K database images forces the system to execute the full network K independent times with no capacity for caching. To break this bottleneck, we advocate for a paradigm shift toward cacheable image matching. We realize this paradigm with LateMatch, a versatile approach that restructures existing matchers by deferring inter-image interaction to their final layers. By isolating intra-image processing into offline-cacheable Context Blocks, only a small set of Interaction Blocks must be executed online. To further optimize LateMatch, we introduce E-SToRE (Entropy-guided Spatial Token Reduction and Expansion). E-SToRE leverages the decreasing Shannon entropy of the late Interaction Blocks to dynamically reduce token counts just prior to cross-image interaction. Evaluated across HPatches, ScanNet, MegaDepth, ETH-3D, and Aachen, LateMatch reduces effective computational cost by over 2x compared to standard deep matchers, while E-SToRE yields an additional 10% to 14% savings with negligible degradation in accuracy.