Economics & Development

The Country Opinion Survey in Mongolia assists the World Bank Group (WBG) in better understanding how stakeholders in Mongolia perceive the WBG. It provides the WBG with systematic feedback from national and local governments, multilateral and bilateral agencies, media, academia, the private sector, and civil society in Mongolia on: 1) their views regarding the general environment in Mongolia; 2) their overall attitudes toward the WBG in Mongolia; 3) overall impressions of the WBG’s effectiveness and results, knowledge work and activities, and communication and information sharing in Mongolia; and 4) their perceptions of the WBG’s future role in Mongolia.

Human capital - people’s knowledge, skills, and health - drives productivity and growth. The Human Capital Index Plus (HCI+) measures the human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate over their working life, extending the original HCI by incorporating tertiary education and work experience. This brief summarizes Serbia's HCI+ score and its performance in building human capital.

Human capital - people’s knowledge, skills, and health - drives productivity and growth. The Human Capital Index Plus (HCI+) measures the human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate over their working life, extending the original HCI by incorporating tertiary education and work experience. This brief summarizes Nauru's HCI+ score and its performance in building human capital.

Human capital - people’s knowledge, skills, and health - drives productivity and growth. The Human Capital Index Plus (HCI+) measures the human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate over their working life, extending the original HCI by incorporating tertiary education and work experience. This brief summarizes Mongolia's HCI+ score and its performance in building human capital.

Human capital - people’s knowledge, skills, and health - drives productivity and growth. The Human Capital Index Plus (HCI+) measures the human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate over their working life, extending the original HCI by incorporating tertiary education and work experience. This brief summarizes Eswatini's HCI+ score and its performance in building human capital.

Human capital - people’s knowledge, skills, and health - drives productivity and growth. The Human Capital Index Plus (HCI+) measures the human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate over their working life, extending the original HCI by incorporating tertiary education and work experience. This brief summarizes Burundi's HCI+ score and its performance in building human capital.

Human capital - people’s knowledge, skills, and health - drives productivity and growth. The Human Capital Index Plus (HCI+) measures the human capital a child born today can expect to accumulate over their working life, extending the original HCI by incorporating tertiary education and work experience. This brief summarizes Brunei Darussalam's HCI+ score and its performance in building human capital.

Despite strong recent economic growth and declines in monetary and electricity poverty, energy affordability remains a concern for a significant share of households in Georgia. This paper examines the distributional and welfare implications of electricity tariff reforms using household survey data, new estimates of demand elasticities, and projections to 2030. Three findings emerge. First, electricity demand is inelastic and heterogeneous, limiting households’ ability to adjust consumption when prices rise. Second, energy and electricity poverty are unevenly distributed, disproportionately affecting lower-income and vulnerable households, while existing subsidies exhibit substantial leakage to higher-income groups. Third, projections indicate that income growth is the primary driver of reductions in energy and electricity poverty across all tariff reform scenarios. While tariff increases may raise affordability concerns, their adverse welfare effects are projected to be modest and offset by sustained economic growth. These results highlight the importance of combining tariff reforms with better-targeted social support, energy efficiency investments, and continued economic growth to mitigate potential welfare losses.